Fragile Watermarking Using the VW2D Watermark
Author
R Wolfgang, C Podilchuk, E Delp
Tech report number
CERIAS TR 2001-140
Abstract
Two classes of digital watermarks have been developed to protect the copyright ownership of digital images. Robust watermarks are designed to withstand attacks on an image (such as compression or scaling), while fragile watermarks are designed to detect minute changes in an image. Fragile marks can also identify where an image has been altered. This paper
compares two fragile watermarks. The first method uses a hash function to obtain a digest of the image. An altered or forged version of the original image is then hashed and the digest is compared to the digest of the original image. If the image has
changed the digests will be different. We will describe how images can be hashed so that any changes can be spatially localized. The second method uses the Variable-Watermark Two-Dimensional algorithm (VW2D) [1]. The sensitivity to changes is user-specific. Either no changes can be permitted (similar to a hard hash function), or an image can be altered and still be labeled authentic. Latter algorithms are known as semi-fragile watermarks. We will describe the performance of these two techniques and discuss under what circumstances one would use a particular technique.
Journal
Proceedings of the SPIE/IS&T International Conference on Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents
Note
Proceedings of the SPIE/IS&T International Conference on Security and Watermarking of Multimedia Contents, vol. 3657, January 25 - 27, 1999, San Jose, CA, pp. 204-213.
Publication Date
1999-00-00